tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25291951114246167962024-03-06T02:52:20.960+07:00relay sebagai proteksiapanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07242011923462077051noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2529195111424616796.post-13142770156549574532013-03-05T17:57:00.000+07:002013-03-05T17:57:22.383+07:00Sore ini ngutak ngatik blog yang udah 45 turunan gk pernah di oprek,..<br />
sekalinya dibuka buuhhhh debu semua isinya, hhaaa *devil laugh*<br />
Beberapa menit gw baca sendiri 3 postingan jaman kerajaan gue dulu,<br />
kurang asik... itu yg terpikir dalam hati sanubari gw yang paling dalam,<br />
*mapaasssss bahasa gueeee...<br />
*plaaakkk<br />
<br />
jadi demi nyaik selir permaisuri yang entah dimana , gue memutuskan untuk ngerubah sedikit tampilan,<br />
hmmmm... 'ini postingan kayaknya dah kayak coki2 gopean jam SD, panjang !!!!<br />
searching lah gue untuk nyari gimana caranya biar ada tulisan "readmore" kayak blog punya tetanggga-tetangga seblah yang nauzubillah aduhaaiiii,<br />
setelah 10 menitan searching akhirnya nemu juga di blognya (gw gk tau punya sapa yg jelas ngebantu gue banget dah) <a href="http://caramembuatada.blogspot.com/2012/01/cara-membuat-read-more-pada-blog.html" target="_blank">http://caramembuatada.blogspot.com/2012/01/cara-membuat-read-more-pada-blog.html</a><br />
Buat yang punya blog, thx a lot, you save my life *haalllaaaahhh randoommm...<br />
tapi bener-bener gue makasih banyak. tengkyuu tengkyuuu *standing aplauusss hhiii........<br />
<br />
Nyari blognya sih sebentar, praktekkinnya ntu yang 'alaaamaaaakkkk'<br />
andai gue dilahirkan sejenius kang enstein, tapi dengan usaha yang gigih ( '_')9<br />
akhirnya bisa jugaaa, gak lama kok cuma 2 jam 16 menit...<br />
Pffftttttt... (._.) *gagal sombong...<br />
okeh demikian postingan gue sore ini, hhaaa<br />
gak penting-penting banget sih,<br />
tapi gue yakin ini awal kebangkitan gue untuk mulai ngeblog, apapun itu ntah kenapa gue jadi lebih bersemangat untuk ngelanjutin hobi ngeblog gw yang kepending..<br />
okeh see u next time.apanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07242011923462077051noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2529195111424616796.post-72787393784426264022012-08-13T16:24:00.002+07:002012-08-13T20:42:36.935+07:00Buka Bersama alumni spansa angkatan 2000/2001 tahun 2012<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: #666666; color: red; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="color: yellow; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">maaf sodara2 berhubung gue gak terlalu bisa nulis, setelah ini gue lampirin poto2 aja deh..</span></div></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
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</div><div style="background-color: #666666; color: yellow; text-align: center;">calon emak2 gaul.. buka puasa yg dipesen rokok.. :D</div><div style="background-color: #666666; color: red;"><br />
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</div>apanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07242011923462077051noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2529195111424616796.post-22856341105776047372011-01-24T09:49:00.000+07:002011-01-24T09:49:55.403+07:00BAB III DASAR TEORI<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">DASAR TEORI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">A. Transformator Arus</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Current Transformer atau yang biasa disebut Trafo arus adalah tipe instrument trafo yang didesain untuk mendukung arus yang mengalir pada kumparan sekunder sebanding dengan arus bolak-balik yang mengalir pada sisi primer. Secara umum Trafo ini digunakan untuk mengukur dan melindungi relay yang memakai tegangan tinggi di mana trafo ini mempunyai fasilitas pengukuran yang aman dalam mengukur jumlah arus yang besar begitu juga dengan tegangan yang tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Disamping penggunannya untuk mengukur arus, trafo ini juga dibutuhkan untuk pengukuran daya dan energy, pengukuran jarak jauh dan relay proteksi.Kumparan primer trafo arus dihubungkan secara serie dengan jaringan atau peralatan yang akan diukur arusnya, sedangkan kumparan sekunder dihubungkan dengan peralatan meter dan relay proteksi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Trafo ini bekerja sebagai trafo yang terhubung singkat. Trafo arus untuk tujuan proteksi biaisanya harus mampu bekerja lebih dari 10 kali arus pengenalnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Cara kerja dari trafo arus ini: Jika pada kumparan primer mengalir arus I<sub>1</sub>, maka pada kumparan primer akan timbul gaya gerak magnet sebesar N<sub>1</sub> I<sub>1</sub>. Gaya gerak magnet ini memproduksi fluks pada inti.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Fluks ini membangkitkan gaya gerak listrik pada kumparan sekunder. Jika kumparan sekunder tertutup, maka pada kumparan sekunder mengalir arus I<sub>2.</sub> Arus ini menimbulkan gaya gerak magnet N<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2 </sub>pada kumparan sekunder.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Berikut ini adalah contoh dari transformator arus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span><img height="343" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="139" /></span><span lang="IN"><span> </span></span><span><img height="259" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="259" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguD6aOGkM6ZB0t0mmynLpwnnd8bqKCL9-KuwP09MuqMDFvT_641O9d4wi0ubSuRpT2r5eYrPZvL87J6qAhM4Ri7TD8bvR-o5V2V8YXIqGILlvYkBYkbM6Esn-YH3ofOkuMiza2OcMX_T4/s1600/TA.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguD6aOGkM6ZB0t0mmynLpwnnd8bqKCL9-KuwP09MuqMDFvT_641O9d4wi0ubSuRpT2r5eYrPZvL87J6qAhM4Ri7TD8bvR-o5V2V8YXIqGILlvYkBYkbM6Esn-YH3ofOkuMiza2OcMX_T4/s320/TA.jpg" border="0" height="209" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="279" /></span></span></a></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3.1 Transformator arus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN">http://davidgultom.wordpress.com/2008/06/19/current-transformer/</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">B. CB (<i>Circuit Breaker</i>)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Circuit Breaker atau Sakelar Pemutus Tenaga (PMT) adalah suatu peralatan pemutus rangkaian listrik pada suatu <a href="http://dunia-listrik.blogspot.com/2009/03/perlengkapan-gardu-induk.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">sistem tenaga listrik</span></a>, yang mampu untuk membuka dan menutup rangkaian listrik pada semua kondisi, termasuk arus hubung singkat, sesuai dengan ratingnya. Juga pada kondisi tegangan yang normal ataupun tidak normal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi oleh suatu PMT agar dapat melakukan hal-hal diatas, adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Mampu menyalurkan arus maksimum sistem secara terus-menerus.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Mampu memutuskan dan menutup jaringan dalam keadaan berbeban maupun terhubung singkat tanpa menimbulkan kerusakan pada pemutus tenaga itu sendiri.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Dapat memutuskan arus hubung singkat dengan kecepatan tinggi agar arus hubung singkat tidak sampai merusak peralatan sistem, membuat sistem kehilangan kestabilan, dan merusak pemutus tenaga itu sendiri.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Setiap PMT dirancang sesuai dengan tugas yang akan dipikulnya, ada beberapa hal yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam rancangan suatu PMT, yaitu:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Tegangan efektif tertinggi dan frekuensi daya jaringan dimana pemutus daya itu akan dipasang. Nilainya tergantung pada jenis pentanahan titik netral sistem.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Arus maksimum kontinyu yang akan dialirkan melalui pemutus daya. Nilai arus ini tergantung pada arus maksimum sumber daya atau arus nominal beban dimana pemutus daya tersebut terpasang.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Arus hubung singkat maksimum yang akan diputuskan pemutus daya tersebut.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Lamanya maksimum arus hubung singkat yang boleh berlangsung. hal ini berhubungan dengan waktu pembukaan kontak yang dibutuhkan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Jarak bebas antara bagian yang bertegangan tinggi dengan objek lain disekitarnya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Jarak rambat arus bocor pada isolatornya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Kekuatan dielektrik media isolator sela kontak.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Iklim dan ketinggian lokasi penempatan pemutus daya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Tegangan pengenal PMT dirancang untuk lokasi yang ketinggiannya maksimum 1000 meter diatas permukaan laut. Jika PMT dipasang pada lokasi yang ketinggiannya lebih dari 1000 meter, maka tegangan operasi maksimum dari PMT tersebut harus dikoreksi dengan faktor yang diberikan pada tabel 1.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Tabel 3.1 <span> </span>Faktor Koreksi antara Tegangan vs Lokasi</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 12.5pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.2pt;" valign="top" width="172"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Ketinggian (meter)</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.8pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Faktor Koreksi</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.2pt;" valign="top" width="172"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">1000</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.8pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">1,00</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.2pt;" valign="top" width="172"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">1212</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.8pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">0,98</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.2pt;" valign="top" width="172"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">1515</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.8pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">0,95</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.2pt;" valign="top" width="172"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">3030</span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.8pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">0,80</span></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN">1. Proses Terjadinya Busur Api</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Pada waktu pemutusan atau penghubungan suatu rangkaian sistem tenaga listrik maka pada PMT akan terjadi busur api, hal tersebut terjadi karena pada saat kontak PMT dipisahkan , beda potensial diantara kontak akan menimbulkan medan elektrik diantara kontak tersebut, seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 1.</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb3N4_P8kn43mNcq53j75WTDrIs8hG8MNNJ_hqZnASW7bxLm0MINgOrkUtSh9-jl-GlPkttannKCvsVHsLr87nZZ1urzz_46Zg6kKS4QMCJtmv7Qr1UF8XXMe6qRmWeI1A687Nynyhx5A/s1600-h/proses+terjadinya+busur+api.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;"><span><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb3N4_P8kn43mNcq53j75WTDrIs8hG8MNNJ_hqZnASW7bxLm0MINgOrkUtSh9-jl-GlPkttannKCvsVHsLr87nZZ1urzz_46Zg6kKS4QMCJtmv7Qr1UF8XXMe6qRmWeI1A687Nynyhx5A/s320/proses+terjadinya+busur+api.jpg" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="266" /></span></span></a><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Gambar 3.2 <span> </span>Pembentukan Busur Api</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Arus yang sebelumnya mengalir pada kontak akan memanaskan kontak dan menghasilkan emisi thermis pada permukaan kontak. Sedangkan medan elektrik menimbulkan emisi medan tinggi pada kontak katoda (K). Kedua emisi ini menghasilkan elektron bebas yang sangat banyak dan bergerak menuju kontak anoda (A). Elektron-elektron ini membentur molekul netral media isolasi dikawasan positif, benturan-benturan ini akan menimbulkan proses ionisasi. Dengan demikian, jumlah elektron bebas yang menuju anoda akan semakin bertambah dan muncul ion positif hasil ionisasi yang bergerak menuju katoda, perpindahan elektron bebas ke anoda menimbulkan arus dan memanaskan kontak anoda.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Ion positif yang tiba di kontak katoda akan menimbulkan dua efek yang berbeda. Jika kontak terbuat dari bahan yang titik leburnya tinggi, misalnya tungsten atau karbon, maka ion positif akan akan menimbulkan pemanasan di katoda. Akibatnya, emisi thermis semakin meningkat. Jika kontak terbuat dari bahan yang titik leburnya rendah, misal tembaga, ion positif akan menimbulkan emisi medan tinggi. Hasil emisi thermis ini dan emisi medan tinggi akan melanggengkan proses ionisasi, sehingga perpindahan muatan antar kontak terus berlangsung dan inilah yang disebut busur api.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Untuk memadamkan busur api tersebut perlu dilakukan usaha-usaha yang dapat menimbulkan proses deionisasi, antara lain dengan cara sebagai berikut:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Meniupkan udara ke sela kontak, sehingga partikel-partikel hasil ionisai dijauhkan dari sela kontak.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Menyemburkan minyak isolasi kebusur api untuk memberi peluang yang lebih besar bagi proses rekombinasi.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Memotong busur api dengan tabir isolasi atau tabir logam, sehingga memberi peluang yang lebih besar bagi proses rekombinasi.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Membuat medium pemisah kontak dari gas elektronegatif, sehingga elektron-elektron bebas tertangkap oleh molekul netral gas tersebut.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN">Jika pengurangan partikel bermuatan karena proses deionisasi lebih banyak daripada penambahan muatan karena proses ionisasi, maka busur api akan padam. Ketika busur api padam, di sela kontak akan tetap ada terpaan medan elektrik. Jika suatu saat terjadi terpaan medan elektrik yang lebih besar daripada kekuatan dielektrik media isolasi kontak, maka busur api akan terjadi lagi.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN">http://dunia-listrik.blogspot.com/2008/10/jenis-jenis-circuit-breaker-sakelar.html</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">C. Relay</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Relay adalah alat yang dapat bekerja secara otomatis untuk mengontrol jaringan listrik pada sebuah sistem akibat adanya perubahan rangkain lain pada sistem tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img border="0" height="161" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="214" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">( a )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img border="0" height="151" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="235" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">( b )</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3.3<span> </span>( a ) relay elektronik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><span> </span>( b ) Konstruksi -<span> </span>relay</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Di dalam sebuah relay yang perlu di perhatikan adalah rangkain elektrik yang di gunakan di dalam pengontrolan coil relay tidak berhubungan dengan rangkain elektrik yang terhubung dengan kontak. Kontak bekerja berdasarkan gerak magnet yang di timbulkan oleh coil, sehingga keadua rangkaian ini terpisah antara satu dengan yang lainya. Rangkain yang di gunakan untuk mengerjakan coil pada umumnya di sebut rangkain control dan rangkain yang melalui kontak disebut rangkain beban.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Spesifiaksi coil pada relay :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Arus inrush</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Adalah besarnya arus yang di perlukan untuk meng–energized kontak pertama kali . Besar arus ini pada umumnya 5 kali lebih besar dari arus<span> </span>sel–in. Arus sel–in, adalah besar arus minimal yang di perlukan untuk menahan coil tetap pada posisi energized.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Tegangan pick–up</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Adalah besarnya nilai teganagan yang di perlukan untuk menarik kontak saat coil di–energezet. Hal ini patut di perhatikan karena fluktuatifnya nilai tegangan system.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Teganga drop–out</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Adalah besar tegangan yang harus di jaga oleh coil agar kontak tidak terlepas oleh coil. Besar tegangan ini adalah 5–10% di bawah tegangan pada coil. Jika hal ini terjadi , maka hal yang sering dijumpai adalah relay akan bergetar dan menimbulkan suara yang kasar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Hubungan kontak pada relay pada umumnya terdiri dari NC (<i>normally open</i>) dan NO (<i>normally close</i>) yang dapat di tunjukkan pada gambar berikut ini :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="5" width="305"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="58" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="83" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><img align="left" height="58" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="83" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span lang="IN"><span>(a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN"><span> </span>(b)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Gambar 3.4 <span> </span>(a) Simbol <i>normally open</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>(b) Simbol <i>normally close</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dari gambar diatas bahwa pada kondisi open, relay akan bekerja ketika kumparan magnit relay mendapat sumber tegangan, kondisi ini mengakibatkan kontak<span> </span>normally open dari relay bekerja, kondisi terbalik terjadi pada normally close yang akan terbuka apabila coil pada relay mendapat sumber tegangan yang akan mengerakkan kontak relay pada kondisi normally close. Kondisi penyambungan pada input–input relay sangat mempengaruhi kondisi kerja pada sistem di saat terjadi gangguan dan pada saat sistem bekerja dalam kondisi<span> </span>normal. Untuk itu dalam pemasangan input maupun output dari relay perlu di perhatikan secara khusus, karena akan mempengaruhi kinerja maupun fungsi dari relay itu sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="color: black;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/33434710/Relay</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black;">D. </span></b><span lang="IN"><a href="http://dunia-listrik.blogspot.com/2009/07/relay-arus-lebih.html"><b><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Relay Arus Lebih</span></b></a><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Relay arus lebih adalah relay yang bekerja terhadap arus lebih, ia akan bekerja bila arus yang mengalir melebihi nilai settingnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">1. Prinsip Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Pada dasarnya relay arus lebih adalah suatu alat yang mendeteksi besaran arus yang melalui suatu jaringan dengan bantuan trafo arus. Harga atau besaran yang boleh melewatinya disebut dengan setting.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Macam-macam karakteristik relay arus lebih :</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Relay waktu seketika (<i>Instantaneous relay</i>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Relay arus lebih waktu tertentu (<i>Definite time relay</i>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Relay arus lebih waktu terbalik (<i>Inverse Relay</i>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">1.1 Relay Waktu Seketika (Instantaneous relay)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Relay yang bekerja seketika (tanpa waktu tunda) ketika arus yang mengalir melebihi nilai settingnya, relay akan bekerja dalam waktu beberapa mili detik (10–20 ms). Dapat kita lihat pada gambar dibawah ini.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img border="0" height="144" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="411" /></span><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN"></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN"><br />
<span class="fullpost1">Gambar 3.5 Karakteristik Relay Waktu Seketika (<i>Instantaneous Relay</i>).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><br />
<span class="fullpost1">Relay ini jarang berdiri sendiri tetapi umumnya dikombinasikan dengan relay arus lebih dengan karakteristik yang lain.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">1.2 Relay arus lebih waktu tertentu (<i>definite time relay</i>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Relay ini akan memberikan perintah pada PMT pada saat terjadi gangguan hubung singkat dan besarnya arus gangguan melampaui settingnya (Is), dan jangka waktu kerja relay mulai pick up sampai kerja relay diperpanjang dengan waktu tertentu tidak tergantung besarnya arus yang mengerjakan relay, lihat gambar dibawah ini.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img border="0" height="218" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" width="413" /></span><span lang="IN"><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost1">Gambar 3.6 Karakteristik Relay Arus Lebih Waktu Tertentu (<i>Definite Time Relay</i>).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">1.3 <span class="fullpost1">Relay arus lebih waktu terbalik (</span></span><span class="fullpost1"><i><span lang="IN">Inverse Relay)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Relay ini akan bekerja dengan waktu tunda yang tergantung dari besarnya arus secara terbalik (<i>inverse time</i>), makin besar arus makin kecil waktu tundanya. Karakteristik ini bermacam-macam dan setiap pabrik dapat membuat karakteristik yang berbeda-beda, karakteristik waktunya dibedakan dalam tiga kelompok :</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost1"><i><span lang="IN">Standar invers</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost1"><i><span lang="IN">Very inverse</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost1"><i><span lang="IN">Extreemely inverse</span></i></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN"><br />
</span><span><img border="0" height="215" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg" width="414" /></span><span lang="IN"><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost1">Gambar 3.7 Karakteistik Relay Arus Lebih Waktu Terbalik (<i>Inverse Relay</i>).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><b><span lang="IN">2. Pengaman Pada Relay Arus Lebih</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Pada relay arus lebih memiliki 2 jenis pengamanan yang berbeda antara lain :</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Pengamanan</span></span><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN">hubung singkat fasa. Relay mendeteksi arus fasa. Oleh karena itu, disebut pula “Relay fasa”. Karena pada relay tersebut dialiri oleh arus fasa, maka settingnya (Is) harus lebih besar dari arus beban maksimum. Ditetapkan Is = 1,2 x In (In = arus nominal peralatan terlemah).</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Pengamanan</span></span><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN">hubung tanah. Arus gangguan satu fasa tanah ada kemungkinan lebih kecil dari arus beban, ini disebabkan karena salah satu atau dari kedua hal berikut:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Gangguan tanah ini melalui tahanan gangguan yang masih cukup tinggi. Pentanahan netral sistemnya melalui impedansi/tahanan yang tinggi, atau bahkan tidak ditanahkan Dalam hal demikian, relay pengaman hubung singkat (relay fasa) tidak dapat mendeteksi gangguan tanah tersebut. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Supaya relay sensitive terhadap gangguan tersebut dan tidak salah kerja oleh arus beban, maka relay dipasang tidak pada kawat fasa melainkan kawat netral pada sekunder trafo arusnya. Dengan demikian relay ini dialiri oleh arus netralnya, berdasarkan komponen simetrisnya arus netral adalah jumlah dari arus ketiga fasanya. Arus urutan nol dirangkaian primernya baru dapat mengalir jika terdapat jalan kembali melalui tanah (melalui kawat netral).</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img border="0" height="280" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg" width="399" /></span><span lang="IN"><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost1"></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost1"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3.8 Sambungan Relay GFR dan 2 OCR.</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">3. Syarat-syarat Relay :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">a. Cepat bereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Relay harus cepat bereaksi / bekerja bila sistem mengalami gangguan atau kerja abnormal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><i>t<sub>op</sub> = t<sub>p</sub> + t<sub>cb</sub></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">t<sub>op</sub> = <span> </span>total waktu yang dipergunakan untuk memutuskan hubungan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">t<sub>p </sub><span> </span>= <span> </span>waktu bereaksinya rele</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">t<sub>cb</sub> = <span> </span>waktu yang dipergunakan untuk pelepasan CB</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Pada umumnya untuk top sekitar 0,1 detik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">b. Selektif</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Yang dimaksud selektif adalah kecermatan pemilihan dalam mengadakan pengamanan, dalam hal ini menyangkut kordinasi pengamanan dari sistem keseluruhan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span>c. Peka /Sensitif</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span><span> </span>Relay harus dapat bekerja dengan kepekaan yang tinggi, artinya harus cukup sensiitif terhadap gangguan didaerahnya meskipun gangguan tersebut minimum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span>d. Andal / Reliability</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span><span> </span>Keandalan relay dikatakan cukup baik bila mempunyai harga : 90 s/d 99 %. Misalnya dalam satu tahun terjadi gangguan sebanyak 25x dan relay dapat bekerja dengan semporna sebanyak 23x, maka :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span><span> </span>Keandalan relay =<span> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="24" /></span></span><span lang="IN"><span> </span>× 100 % = 92 %</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN">http://budi54n.wordpress.com/2009/07/07/rele-arus-lebih-over-current-relay-ocr/</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">E. Bagian-Bagian Relay Arus Lebih</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Relay arus lebih yang digunakan oleh PT.PUSRI adalah <i>relay time delay</i> dan <i>relay instantaneous</i> yang berada pada satu box. <i>Relay time delay</i> adalah relay yang memiliki waktu tunda dan akan bekerja ketika terjadi kelebihan arus yang dialami oleh kawat transmisi ataupun dikarenakan beban sudah melampaui batasan dari kapasitas yang disediakan oleh pembangkit. Sedangkan <i>relay instantaneous</i> merupakan relay yang bekerja seketika apabila terjadi gangguan pada kawat transmisi yang diproteksinya, dimana gangguan tersebut berupa gangguan hubung singkat, antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">1 fasa ke tanah,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">2 fasa, dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">3 fasa<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Secara umum relay-relay tersebut memiliki kode-kode tersendiri, yaitu untuk <i>relay instantneous</i> bernomor 50 dan untuk <i>relay time delay</i> bernomor 51. Bagian terpenting dalam pengkalibrasian relay <i>time delay 51</i> antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Disk shaft</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Donggle </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Drag magnet</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Sedangkan bagian terpenting untuk pengkalibrasian <i>relay instantaneous</i> <i>50</i> adalah tap instantaneous.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="IN">1. Tap</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img alt="tap1.jpg" border="0" height="408" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg" width="349" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3.9 Tap</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Bagian yang dilingkari oleh lingkaran merah merupakan tap. Tap berfungsi untuk menentukan kapan relay akan mulai bekerja ketika relay menerima gangguan, parameternya dapat berupa arus. Rumus untuk menentukan sebuah tap adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Tap = <span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img border="0" height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="21" /></span><span> </span>× <i>Is</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dimana : <span> </span><i>I </i><span> </span>= arus maksimum yang melalui kawat transmisi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><i>Ip</i><span> </span>= arus primer pada CT relay</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><i>Is</i><span> </span>= arus sekunder pada CT relay</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">2. Donggle</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img border="0" height="185" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg" width="308" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3.10 <span> </span>Donggle</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Donggle merupakan suatu per atau pegas yang berfungsi sebagai pengatur besar kecilnya arus pick up. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">3.<span> </span>Disk Shaft</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img border="0" height="197" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.jpg" width="306" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3.11 Disk shaft</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Disk shaft merupakan suatu switch yang memiliki dua sisi lempeng konduktor yang dapt bekerja ketika donggle berjalan mengantarkannya dari sisi satu ke sisi yang lainnya sehingga lempengan tersebut mengkontak satu sama lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">4. Disk dan Drag Magnet</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img alt="drag magnet1.jpg" border="0" height="136" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.jpg" width="321" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3.12 Disk dan Drag magnet</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Drag magnet merupakan lempengan magnet yang memberikan medan magnit pada disk agar disk dapat berputar, kedua bagian ini berfungsi sebagai pengatur kurva relay.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">5. Tap Instantneous</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img alt="tap instantneous.jpg" border="0" height="173" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.jpg" width="333" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3.13 Tap instantneous</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Tap instantneous merupakan bagian yang dapat mengatur arus yang mengetripkan relay, dimana didalam bagian ini terdapat koil. Koil ini bekerja berdasarkan besar kecilnya medan magnit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">6. Terminal 3 phase</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span><img alt="normaly open n normaly close.jpg" border="0" height="159" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.jpg" width="327" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3.14 Terminal 3 phase</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Terminal 3 phase merupakan bagian yang berfungsi sebagai penghantar sumber listrik dari MPRT 8430.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">7. Terminal normaly open dan normaly close</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span><img alt="terminal 3 phasa.jpg" border="0" height="169" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.jpg" width="319" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">Gambar 3.15 Terminal normaly open dan normaly close</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Terminal normaly open dan normaly close merupakan bagian yang berfungsi sebagai switch ketika terjadi gangguan (open) dan akan selalu terhubung jika tidak ada gangguan (close).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">ABSTRAK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">PROSEDUR KALIBRASI RELAY ARUS LEBIH <i>TIME DELAY</i> DAN <i>INSTANTANEOUS</i> MENGGUNAKAN MPRT 8430 PADA PT. PUSRI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Oleh</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">AFANDI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja didirikan tanggal 24 Desember 1959 di Palembang, Sumatera Selatan dan merupakan perusahaan Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) yang berbentuk perseroan terbatas. Saat ini PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja mengoperasikan empat pabrik amonia danp urea, yaitu Pusri II, III, IV, dan IB. PT.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span>Tiap-tiap pabrik memiliki generator<span> </span>tersendiri yang berfungsi sebagai penyuplai daya, untuk mengatasi adanya gangguan pada salah satu generator, maka ke empat generator tersebut terhubung parallel agar system kelistrikannya menjadi lebih handal. </span><span lang="SV">Untuk menjaga peralatan pada tiap instrument yang digunakan, maka di pasang proteksi yang diharapkan dapat menjaga keamanan tiap instrument tersebut. Sistem proteksi memiliki nilai-nilai yang harus ditentukan, seiring waktu nilai tersebut akan sedikit berubah dan diharuskan melalui proses kalibrasi agar nilai-nilai tersebut tetap seperti data awalnya dan tak berubah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Tiap 1 pabrik melakukan overhole dalam kurun waktu 4 tahun sekali untuk menjaga generator dan peralatan lainnya dari keruskan-kerusakan yang tidak diinginkan, karena terdapat 4 pabrik maka dilakukan penjadwalan yang berkala, dimana untuk masing-masing pabrik memiliki rentang perbaikan selama 1 tahun lamanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Salah satu proteksi yang sangat penting dalam hal pengamanan generator terhadap bebannya adalah reley, sehingga setiap melakukan overhole reley-reley tersebut diuji kembali oleh alat kalibrasi reley yaitu MEGGER MPRT 8430.</span></div>apanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07242011923462077051noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2529195111424616796.post-44000648894656841012011-01-23T18:51:00.001+07:002012-08-13T16:02:32.300+07:00Kalibrasi Relay menggunkan MPRT<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"></span>apanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07242011923462077051noreply@blogger.com0